Modus Operandi and Criminology
Abstract Modus operandi (MO) —the characteristic methods and patterns offenders use to commit crimes—remains a central concept in criminology, criminal investigation, and offender profiling. This article synthesizes theoretical foundations, empirical findings, investigative applications, and contemporary challenges related to MO. It argues that integrating behavioral analysis with situational and environmental frameworks improves understanding of criminal decision-making, enhances investigative leads, and supports prevention strategies. Key recommendations include standardized MO taxonomies, routine incorporation of situational variables in case analysis, and ethical safeguards when using profiling techniques. 1. Introduction Modus operandi (MO) refers to the practical techniques, tools, and procedures an offender employs to carry out criminal acts. In criminology, MO is studied both as a behavioral signature of offending and as a dynamic set of actions shaped by opportunity, skill, an...
